Monday, December 23, 2019

The Birth Control Pill And The Sexual Revolution - 884 Words

Imagine a country with no sexual freedom, a limiting amount of rights, and no power for American women. This was the image that the United States portrayed around 60 years ago, not giving the same freedom that Americans can have today and express carelessly. During the 1960’s the United States experienced changes in its society that would affect the perspectives of future generations by turning our weaknesses into strengths. During this time, the United States encountered many movements and opportunities due to the birth control pill and the Sexual Revolution. It was a great shift in the society because it opened doors for minorities and created an equal treatment men and women. The birth control pill and the subsequent Sexual Revolution†¦show more content†¦The availability of the pill gave a different view towards women and their capacity to become successful individuals due to the power they had over their bodies. For once, women had an opportunity to think of a fu ture career instead of staying at home with their children. It helped American women enjoy sex rather than worry about further responsibilities such as pregnancy. During 1965, a study proved that women who used oral contraceptives had sex up to 39% more than women who used other methods (Williams). This demonstrates how women took advantage of the pill by planning for futures they wouldn t have been able to think about before. They could now be independent women. Women started challenging their exclusion from politics and the workplace and even questioned their sexual roles (â€Å"The Sexual Revolution: History, Origins Impact†). Therefore, they also began to doubt the authority of men to make decisions for their bodies. As for men, not only did they start expecting women to have more casual affairs, but they created a stronger communication with women due to sexually transmitted diseases. The consent of women over their own bodies and their futures was made possible by the birth control pill. The Sexual Revolution caused a more tolerant and liberal behavior towards sexuality and changed social norms. It was an attack towards the â€Å"American family† for social conservatives due to the fact that bothShow MoreRelatedThe Sexual Revolution During The 1960 S1512 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A sexual revolution begins with the emancipation of women, who are the chief victims of patriarchy, and also with the ending of homosexual oppression.† Kate Millett could not have described the Sexual Revolution any better, a sexual liberation to argue that women are in fact, equal to men in more ways than society allows. In the 1960’s, women began to catch on that women are treated inferior to men, in ways that women are a disgrace if they were to have intercourse with many men, whilst it is acceptableRead MoreThe Sexual Revolution And The Contraceptive Pill1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sexual Revolution has been one of the most defining movements in recent world hi story. It is the only event other than a world war that has irrevocably shaped our global public consciousness. When we here the term, The Sexual Revolution, we unconsciously begin to associate it with several late 20th century cultural movements and philosophies. The most famous of these are its influences through music, and the contraceptive pill. On May 9th, 1960, the United States Food and Drug Admiration approvedRead MoreEssay about Women ´s Right: The Pill and Plan B663 Words   |  3 Pagesbeliefs. â€Å"The pill† and plan b which are oral contraception pills or also known as birth control, contributed immensely on the dramatic change of the social and sexual landscape in the United Stated and other counties in the world. It forever changed the fate women where always protrude to carry out thought their lives and certainly empowered woman but as well in a lot of cases seemed to have lowered the high classy standards women followed. The first birth control pill aka The Pill† went out intoRead MoreEvolution of Gender Roles1706 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted reforming their reputation as women with the Feminist Movement, also known as the Women’s Movement or Liberation. This movement was a collection of campaigns and reforms dealing with the issues of maternity leave, equal pay, women’s suffrage, sexual violence and harassment, and reproductive rights all of which are classified as feminism. One of the most significant feminist reformations was the strife for equal voting rights beginning in 1848 with the first women’s right convention in SenecaRead MoreThe Arrival Of The Pill979 Words   |  4 PagesThe arrival of the pill in the spring of 1960 heralded a new era in the long history of birth control, and it signalled an important, modern step towards bodily autonomy for women. For the first time there existed a method of contraception that separated birth control from the act of sexual intercourse, while having a nearly one hundred percent success rate. When the pill hit the market, at the peak of the baby boom, it was overwhelming mothers who rushed to get it. While some commentators fearedRead MoreInstitution Of Marriage1086 Words   |  5 Pagesperception of marriage. With the Sexual Revolution that occurred in the 1960’s and 1970’s, women became independent by gaining control of their sexuality and sought higher education, higher paying jobs and generally much happier marriages. The Sexual Revolution was a social movement from the 1960s to the 1980s that challenged the traditional codes of sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The revolution arose with the belief in the detrimental impacts of sexual repression and the notion thatRead MoreMale Birth Control Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesboth sexes responsibility to practice â€Å"safe sex†. Introducing the birth control pill for women in the 1960s created a huge controversy between sexual conservatives and the women who would benefit from the pill, but the responsibility still remained in the hands of women. However, as medicine has advanced and the possibility of a male birth control pill has amounted, many wonder if the same issues would arise if a male birth control pill did in fact become available. In order to understand the effectsRead MoreEssay about 1960 Time Capsule1584 Words   |  7 PagesFifth item found in the 1960 time capsule was the first birth control pill and it was http://w ww.examiner.com/article/the-birth-control-pill-turns-50-on-may-9-2010 In the 1960s the feminist movement challenged their exclusion from politics, the workplace and began to questioning traditional sexual roles. (PBS, 1999-2001) Feminists felt that women should have the same sexual freedoms as men. Social conservatives felt that the sexual revolution was an attack on the foundation of American society.Read MoreThe Birth Of The Pill962 Words   |  4 PagesThe arrival of the pill in the spring of 1960 represented both an important step towards bodily autonomy for women, and a ‘new era in the long history of birth control’. For the very first time, there would exist a method of contraception that separated brith control from the act of sexual intercourse, and allowed women total control over their fertility. This caused many commentators to fear that the pill would ‘wreck moral havoc’ on the sexual behaviour of the nation, with some even going as farRead MoreThe Treatment Of Birth Control816 Words   |  4 Pages According to the United States census, the world population is over 7 billion and a birth occurs every 8 seconds. China leads with well over 1.3 billion people. There a re rural areas, in Africa that women have never heard of any form of birth control. In those areas, women have 6 or more children. According to the United nations report (2013), The world s population is expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. There is already a lack of natural global resources. The environment is showing signs

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(39) " a fictile bag for each participants \." Keratoconus ( KC ) is a noninflammatory corneal ectasis which normally affects both eyes and with an incidence of about 1 per 2,000 in the general population ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) , KC is going a important clinical job worldwide ( Zadnik et al, 1996 ) . The authoritative histopathological characteristics of KC include stromal cutting, Fe deposition in the epithelial cellar membrane and interruptions in the Bowman ‘s bed ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . KC is a heterogeneous disease, with several indicants of familial factors lending to the pathogenesis of stray KC such as duplicate surveies, bilateralism of the disease, familial collection and formal familial analyses ( Rabinowitz, 2003 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the function of environmental factors such as oculus friction and difficult contact lens wear may besides lend to the patterned advance of the disease in genetically susceptible persons ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Although really small is known about the mechanisms taking to ectasia in KC, the current hypothesis is that the cutting of the cornea is due to abnormalcy in the collagen cross-linking and subsequent stromal thinning which leads to bulge of the cornea ( Li et al, 2007 ) . Other research lab surveies have besides indicated the degree alterations of transforming growing factor-I?2 and antioxidant enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin V/L2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases ( TIMPs ) in the eyes of KC patients ( Maier et al, 2007 ; Kenney et Al, 2005 ) . Another strong hypothesis of the development of KC was put frontward ( Wilson et al, 1996 ) who pointed out the function of the interleukin-1 system and other programmed cell death modulating systems which contributes to loss of keratocytes and finally stromal cutting. However, all of these suggested hypotheses need to be more clearly defined ( Rabinowitz, 1998 ) . Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1 ) is an enzyme made up of 354 aminic acids with a entire molecular weight of 43 kDa ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Mackness et Al, 1996 ) . PON1, which is associated with high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , catalyses the dislocation of phospholipid and cholesteryl-ester lipid peroxides in both low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and HDL, therefore doing it an of import hazard factor of artherosclerosis ( Mackness et al, 2004 ) . However, it was the ability of PON1 to protect the nervous system against organophosphate neurotoxicity that was foremost discovered ( Durrington et al, 2001 ) . The human PON1 cryptography sequence, located on the long arm of the human chromosome 7 ( q21.22 ) has two common polymorphism sites ; a Met ( M ) / Leu ( L ) permutation site at place 55 and a Gln ( Q ) / Arg ( R ) site at place 192, with the latter being more of import with respects to PON1 activity and affinity to certain substrates ( Primo-Parma et Al, 1996 ; Aviram, 2004 ) . Hence, the finding of the PON1 position of an person must non merely take into history the polymorphism nowadays but besides the degree of PON1 activity in that person in order to find the plasma PON1192 alloform responsible for the activity nowadays. This can be done utilizing a two-substrate enzymic check affecting two PON1 substrates ( normally paraoxon and diazoxon ) . Abnormalities between PON1 functional position and genotyping at place 192 can therefore bespeak mutant at other points in the PON1 cistron ( Richter et al, 2004 ) . As there are many factors which modulates the PON1 activity such as physiological factors ( eg. exercising ) , pathological factors ( eg. viral/bacterial infection, redness, diabetes ) , diet, alcohol ingestion and certain drugs ( eg. lipid-lowering lipid-lowering medicines ) , therefore is it of import to see these factors when finding of PON1 activity ( Aviram, 2004 ) . PON1 has been shown to hold antioxidant belongingss against oxidative emphasis ( Senti et al, 2003 ) , while oxidative emphasis has been associated with KC ( Kenney et al, 2005 ) . Therefore, PON1 may demo a protective function in the development of KC. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Although there have been studies of KC developing in babies and besides in persons every bit tardily as the age of 51 old ages, bulk of KC patients develop this status between the ages of 12 to 20 old ages ( Hall KCG, 1963 ) , which is around the oncoming of pubescence. It could be truly lay waste toing for one to develop such a status at that point in life, when 1 is still immature and motivated. In Malaysia, the prevalence of KC may look to be of less important with studies of approximately 4 in 1169 ( 0.3 % ) in a population of oculus patients in an urban country and besides 0.3 % among school-aged kids ( Reddy SC et Al, 2008 ; Goh PP et Al, 2005 ) . However, due to the hard nature of naming KC in its developmental phases, many instances frequently go undetected until after multiple ailments from the patient and thorough analysis of the patient ‘s vision sharp-sightedness trial consequences ( Benjamin WJ, 2006 ) . Therefore, the prevalence of KC in the general Malaysian popu lation could be much higher than reported. As KC is reported as among the top five treatable causes of sightlessness and terrible ocular damage in kids in Malaysia ( Reddy SC, 2001 ) , therefore more attempt should be carried out to plan an effectual and accurate sensing assay utilizing the promotions of molecular medical specialty to supply early intervention to these persons before the status worsens. Therefore, this brings to the aims of this survey, which are as follow: To find PON1 activity in KC patients and to compare with non-KC controls. To find the position of PON1 in plasma samples of KC and non-KC patients. To place forecasters of KC from the accumulated informations by utilizing univariate and logistic arrested development analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparations prior to informations and sample aggregation In order to obtain blood samples and informations from participants, a two-day information and sample aggregation event was organised. The event was held on the 22 – 23th May 2010 at Ophir Eye Clinic and Surgery. Prior to the event, readyings were made such as boxing a 21G acerate leaf, a disposable syringe, intoxicant swab, Elastoplast, a 6mL EDTA ( purple-top ) tubing, a 6mL Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubing and some sweet into a fictile bag for each participants . Data and sample aggregation Each participant was foremost given a brief account of the survey which they were traveling to take portion in and were asked to make full in an informed consent signifier before finishing the â€Å" Keratoconus in the Malayan Population: Pathophysiological and Familial Surveies † questionnaire signifier prepared by Shalini Arjunan, Prof Mary Anne, Dr Rozaida and Dr Jenny. Next, the participants ‘ spectacle powers were examined utilizing an auto-refractometer. Blood samples ( 5mL ) were so collected in the Li Lipo-Hepin ( green-top ) tubings from the participants of the survey and stored at 4A °C if can non be processed instantly. Blood samples were processed within the twenty-four hours. After that, each participant was examined utilizing a keratometer and a Pentacam to obtain their K-readings and corneal topography severally. Then, each participant was required to undergo a ocular sharp-sightedness trial and a biomicroscopy trial utilizing Snellen ‘s chart and Haag-Streit Slit Lamp severally. Finally, each participant ‘s trial readings were reviewed by Dr. Jenny P. Deva, adviser Ophthalmologist and Refractive Surgeon at Tun Hussein Onn Eye Hospital and the diagnosing of each participant was confirmed. Preparation of plasma samples After aggregation, the blood samples were centrifuged at 500 xg for 5 proceedingss at room temperature ( 25A °C ) to divide the plasma. Plasma ( top bed ) was so be carefully aliquoted in 500A µL batches into a few microcentrifuge tubings ( 1.5mL ) utilizing Pasteur pipettes depending on the sum of plasma available. All micro-centrifuge tubings were labelled and stored at -70A °C until activity measuring was carried out. Two-substrate enzyme analysis This survey was carried out by finding the position of Paraoxonase 1 in the plasma samples of the participants based on the two-substrate enzyme analysis as described by Richter RJ et Al, 2004, with little alterations. The rate of hydrolysis of the two substrates, which were Paraoxon and Diazoxon were measured utilizing Lamda 25 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer running KINLAB version 2.85.00. After blending with the several substrates for a few seconds, the rate of paraoxon and diazoxon hydrolysis were monitored continuously for two proceedingss. The initial rates of each sample were so multiplied by the deliberate transition factor, which was 5611 and 67000 to acquire paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity severally in U/L unit. Activity analysis utilizing SPSS The paraoxonase and diazoxonase activities of each sample together with other informations from the questionnaire done by Shalini Arjunan and genotype informations done by Yvonne Yong were so pooled together into SPSS version 17.0 for farther analysis. Trials which were carried out include age and sex demographic distribution, independent t-test, Pearson ‘s Correlation, spread secret plan, Kruskal-Wallis trial, one-way ANOVA, etc. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For this survey, a population of 66 participants were successfully identified, consisting of 9 keratoconus patients ( 13.6 % ) , 2 forme fruste keratoconus patients ( 3.0 % ) , 9 high myopic patients ( 13.6 % ) , 11 moderate myopic patients ( 16.7 % ) and 35 normal controls ( 53.0 % ) . This population, dwelling of 27 Malays ( 40.9 % ) , 9 Chinese ( 13.6 % ) and 30 Indians ( 45.5 % ) had an age scope of 7 to 68 old ages old. There were somewhat more males than females in this population, that is 35 ( 53 % ) to 31 ( 47 % ) participants. There were undistinguished difference of ages among both genders and besides the cultural groups. Exploratory informations analysis on this sample population revealed that the distribution of the paraoxonase activity and age of the participants were non distributed usually, giving a p-value of 0.019 and 0.025 severally when utilizing the Shapiro-Wilk trial. Merely diazoxonase activity gave a undistinguished p-value ( 0.446 ) , therefore bespeaking a normal distribution. It was of import to transport out such trials foremost to find whether a parametric or nonparametric trial should be used for analysis. The activity of Paraoxonase 1 was successfully determined by mensurating the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon and diazoxon substrate, harmonizing to the method used in Richter RJ et Al ( 2004 ) , with some minor accommodations. With these informations, the phenotype of each participant was successfully identified by plotting a spread graph of diazoxonase activity against paraoxonase activity, to distinguish the persons with functionally homozygous for PON1192Q, heterozygotes for PON1Q/R192Q/R and homozygous for PON1192R. These phenotype information was subsequently confirmed with informations from my co-worker, Yvonne who carried out Paraoxonase 1 genotyping for polymorphism 192QR by limitation enzyme digestion. Both informations from Paraoxonase 1 activity finding and Paraoxonase 1 genotyping were found to be coincident and accurate. When these participants were divided harmonizing to familial relation to the KC patients, 18 were first degree relations to the KC patients, 3 were 2nd degree relations and 20 had no blood dealingss to the patients, while 16 were omitted as they did non suit the standards for normal healthy controls. Based on such classs, it was found that KC patients and relations may hold a important difference in paraoxonase activity when groups together against the normal controls with a p-value of 0.057. However, this value is non important plenty to reason a possible correlativity and may necessitate more KC to make a important degree. This was non the instance for diazoxonase activity when compared in similar mode, where the activity in KC patients and comparative were non significantly different from that of normal controls. The most important consequences of this survey nevertheless, were obtained when KC patients, including forme fruste KC patients were compared against the other participants, labelled non-KC. When categorised as such, the paraoxonase activity of KC patients were significantly difference than that of the non-KC participants ( p-value = 0.022 ) . This indicates that paraoxonase activity may hold a function in the development of KC patients. However, different cultural groups besides showed important difference in paraoxonase activity when tested, viz. between Malays and Indians and this may lend as an implicit in factor since many of the KC patients where Indians. Hence, comparing surveies between KC/non-KC position and cultural groups must be carried out to find any relation between the two variables. Decision The paraoxonase and diazoxonase activity of each participant were successfully and accurately measured. Based on genotype informations from my co-worker Yvonne, the phenotype informations obtained from the diazoxonase – paraoxonase spread secret plan was rather dependable. There were important happening which relates paraoxonase activities with KC/non-KC position, but it may be due to an underlying factor such as cultural group. Further statistical analysis and re-definition will be required to obtain more important informations. How to cite Paraoxonase Status In Keratoconus Patients Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

The Art Of Euclid free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Writing Essay, Research Paper In Elementss book one, Euclid incorporates stylistic devices in the procedure of turn outing a series of mathematical theories. One stylistic facet of Euclid? s authorship is his usage of common impressions, such as the whole being greater than the portion, and posits, such as pulling a line from any point to any point. His early usage of common impressions and posits do non simply assist to turn out the peculiar proposition, but is used in ulterior propositions to carry the reader of his cogent evidence every bit good as to transfuse assurance in himself and the reader of the decisions he arrives at in the propositions. Even before the existent propositions begin, Euclid lists the common impressions and posits of which he and the reader agree with. By making this, Euclid and the reader have assurance in the cogent evidence. In another manner, the words? common impressions? and? posits? can be substituted by? common sense? because it is 10 points which everyone believes to be true. For illustration, the bulk of the decisions in proposition 13 were arrived at utilizing common impressions. The last three stairss in eventually turn outing proposition 13 were based on common impressions. Since everyone agrees with the common impressions, Euclid is confident that he is doing a logical patterned advance in turn outing that if a consecutive line set up on a consecutive line make angles, it will do either two right angles or angles equal to two right angles. Because of the general understanding of the posits and the common impressions, and by naming them in progress, Euclid is confident that he is right when he makes premises based on them. In the same sense, the reader besides holds the decisions that Euclid arrives at to be true. Another possibility to Euclid? s usage of posits and common impressions is that he frequently uses posits to put up a job in footings in which he knows to be right and so concludes the proposition with a common impression. Euclid is confide nt that if he can get at a common impression for the last measure, he is able to turn out the proposition utilizing that peculiar common impression. An illustration of this is proposition two in which his first measure in turn outing the proposition uses postulate one and by a logical patterned advance arrives at common impression one in the terminal to turn out the proposition. Another ground for Euclid? s usage of common impressions and posits is the desire to carry the audience that he is right when he uses common impressions to turn out posits. For illustration, in proposition four, which states that if two trigons have the two sides equal to two sides severally, and have the angles contained by the equal heterosexual lines equal, they will besides hold the base equal to the base, the trigon will be equal to the trigon, and the staying angles will be equal to the staying angles severally, viz. those which the equal sides subtend, Euclid? s last measure refers to common impression four, which finally proves the proposition. Because Euclid knows the reader agrees with the common impressions, he can easy carry them when he stakes a claim in order to turn out a proposition. Another illustration is proposition two, that places at a given point ( as an appendage ) a consecutive line equal to a given consecutive line, which is entirely proved utilizing posits and common impressions. In this instance, Euclid can easy carry the reader because every measure of the proposition involved either a posit or a common impression. Since the reader accepts all the posits and common impressions to be true, Euclid can easy carry the reader when all a proposition contains is common impressions and posits. In another case, Euclid uses both a posit and a common impression to turn out one of the stairss of proposition 15 which states that if two straight lines cut one another, they make the perpendicular angles equal to one another. By carry throughing the conditions of a posit and a common impression, the proposition gives the reader no uncertainty that the cogent evidence will work. Euclid besides uses a proposition proven by a common impression to turn out a ulterior proposition. For illustration, propositions four and 10s are correlated in this mode. Proposition four, which deals with congruent sides and their included angle, is used to turn out proposition 10, which is used to bisect a given finite consecutive line. Euclid besides proves propositions in sequence, turn outing one utilizing the propositions that straight precedes it. An illustration of this is propositions 18, 19, and 20, which deal with greater angles delimiting greater sides. He does this because he is confident that by utilizing a proposition proven by a common impression, which has to be true, the ulterior proposition that is based upon the earlier besides has to be true. Not merely is Euclid confident when he uses this logical thinking, but so is the reader who is persuaded by mention to an earlier common impression. Euclid? s authorship has many stylistic facets that help turn out his theories of trigons and parallel countries. In utilizing the assorted stylistic devices in his Elementss, particularly the usage of common impressions and posits, Euclid consistently explains each measure of his propositions with a mention each clip to either a common impression or a posit, or some other signifier. Since about all of the propositions contain either a posit or a common impression, Euclid persuades the reader that he is right because of the credence of posits and common impressions as true.